Passage 1

Introduction:

Hey there! Welcome to our in-depth look at the October 2020 EST Literacy I test, specifically Passage 1 of 4. In this post, we'll break down the grammar rules and critical thinking skills needed to tackle the questions effectively, especially those related to the intriguing topic of how pandemics change society. With expert analysis from Mr. Osama Ahmad Ibrahim, we aim to boost your understanding and test-taking strategies for the EST exam.

Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

How Pandemics Change Society

The black death, the Spanish flu, and other disease outbreaks have transformed how people live. Will COVID-19 change the world? It will do so, if it is similar to the pandemics of the past. Plagues and viral contagions have regularly [1] improved the course of human civilization. "Things are never the same after a pandemic as they were before," said Dr. Liam Fox, [2] who's studied these outbreaks for a forthcoming book. "The current outbreak will be no exception."

The earliest pandemic [3] occurred during the Peloponnesian War in 430 B.C. Now believed to have been a form of typhoid fever, that particular plague passed through Libya, Ethiopia, and Egypt before striking the city of Athens.

1. A. NO CHANGE
The question is asking about the word 'improved' in line 1 of the text. The word 'improved' means 'made better' or 'enhanced'. The text says that plagues and viral contagions have regularly improved the course of human civilization. This means that they have made human civilization better or more advanced in some way.

Choice A is correct because it keeps the word 'improved' as it is. This word matches the meaning of the text and the author's point of view. The author is arguing that pandemics have positive effects on human civilization.

Choice B is wrong because it changes the word 'improved' to 'occurred'. This word means 'happened' or 'took place'. This word does not match the meaning of the text or the author's point of view. The author is not just stating that pandemics have happened, but that they have had an impact on human civilization.

Choice C is wrong because it changes the word 'improved' to 'helped'. This word means 'assisted' or 'supported'. This word does not match the meaning of the text or the author's point of view. The author is not saying that pandemics have helped human civilization, but that they have improved it. There is a difference between helping and improving something.

Choice D is wrong because it changes the word 'improved' to 'witnessed'. This word means 'saw' or 'observed'. This word does not match the meaning of the text or the author's point of view. The author is not saying that pandemics have witnessed human civilization, but that they have improved it. Witnessing something does not imply changing it.

2. A. NO CHANGE
The question is asking about the phrase 'who's studied' in line 3 of the text. The phrase 'who's studied' is a contraction of 'who has studied'. A contraction is a shortened form of two words that are joined by an apostrophe ('). The phrase 'who has studied' means 'someone who has done research or learning about something'.

Choice A is correct because it keeps the phrase 'who's studied' as it is. This phrase matches the grammar and the meaning of the text. The text says that Dr. Liam Fox is someone who has done research or learning about pandemics for a forthcoming book.

Choice B is wrong because it changes the phrase 'who's studied' to 'who is studying'. This phrase means 'someone who is doing research or learning about something right now'. This phrase does not match the grammar or the meaning of the text. The text does not say that Dr. Liam Fox is doing research or learning about pandemics right now, but that he has done it in the past for a forthcoming book.

Choice C is wrong because it changes the phrase 'who's studied' to 'whose studied'. This phrase is not grammatically correct. The word 'whose' is a possessive pronoun that shows ownership or belonging. For example, 'whose book is this?' The word 'studied' is a verb that shows action or state. For example, 'he studied hard'. The word 'whose' cannot be followed by a verb without a noun. For example, 'whose book he studied'.

Choice D is wrong because it changes the phrase 'who's studied' to 'who's study'. This phrase is not grammatically correct. The word 'study' is a noun that means 'research or learning'. For example, 'he did a study on pandemics'. The word 'study' cannot be used after 'who's' without a preposition. For example, 'who's in the study room'.

3. B. occurred
The question is asking about the word 'has occurred' in line 6 of the text. The word 'has occurred' is a verb that shows action or state in the present perfect tense. The present perfect tense is used to describe an action or state that started in the past and has a connection to the present. For example, 'he has lived here for two years'.

Choice B is correct because it changes the word 'has occurred' to 'occurred'. This word is a verb that shows action or state in the past tense. The past tense is used to describe an action or state that happened in the past and has no connection to the present. For example, 'he lived here two years ago'. This word matches the grammar and the meaning of the text. The text says that the earliest pandemic occurred during the Peloponnesian War in 430 B.C. This is an action that happened in the past and has no connection to the present.

Choice A is wrong because it keeps the word 'has occurred' as it is. This word does not match the grammar or the meaning of the text. The text does not say that the earliest pandemic has a connection to the present, but that it happened in the past.

Choice C is wrong because it changes the word 'has occurred' to 'had occurred'. This word is a verb that shows action or state in the past perfect tense. The past perfect tense is used to describe an action or state that happened before another action or state in the past. For example, 'he had lived here before he moved'. This word does not match the grammar or the meaning of the text. The text does not say that the earliest pandemic happened before another action or state in the past, but that it happened in the past.

Choice D is wrong because it changes the word 'has occurred' to 'has been occurring'. This word is a verb that shows action or state in the present perfect continuous tense. The present perfect continuous tense is used to describe an action or state that started in the past and is still happening or has just finished in the present. For example, 'he has been living here for two years'. This word does not match the grammar or the meaning of the text. The text does not say that the earliest pandemic is still happening or has just finished in the present, but that it happened in the past.

[4] Yersinia pestis, a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents, is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death. [5] Routine medical inspections became customary, and hospitals were built throughout Europe to treat the sick. [6] The Black Death eventually swept throughout Europe and wiped out about 200 million people. [7] As a result, it forced authorities to institute health measures that remain in place today. [8] Fourteenth-century Venice ordered mandated isolation periods, named quaranta giorni — or "quarantine" in English — to signify the 40 days of isolation imposed on incoming ships.

The Black Death's biggest socioeconomic legacy was its role in ending feudalism. Feudalism was a medieval system that empowered wealthy nobles to grant the use of [9] their land to peasants in exchange for [10] their labor. By wiping out a huge swath of the working population, the Black Death created a labor shortage that gave peasants the [11] leverage to negotiate new working terms effectively bringing about the end of serfdom and paving the way for modern capitalism.

4. D. Yersinia pestis, a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents,
The question is asking about the punctuation and grammar of the phrase 'Yersinia pestis: a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents and it is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death' in the second paragraph. The phrase 'a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents' is an appositive that gives extra information about 'Yersinia pestis'. An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun or noun phrase. The phrase 'it is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death' is an independent clause that gives more information about 'Yersinia pestis'. An independent clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a complete sentence.

Choice D is correct because it changes the punctuation and grammar of the phrase to 'Yersinia pestis, a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents, is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death'. This choice uses commas to set off the appositive from the rest of the sentence. This shows that the appositive is not essential to the meaning of the sentence and can be removed without changing the main idea. This choice also removes the word 'and' and changes 'it' to 'is'. This makes the independent clause a complete sentence that follows the appositive. This shows that the independent clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence and cannot be removed without changing the main idea.

Choice A is wrong because it keeps the punctuation and grammar of the phrase as it is. This choice uses colons to separate the appositive and the independent clause from the rest of the sentence. This shows that both phrases are essential to the meaning of the sentence and cannot be removed without changing the main idea. However, this creates confusion and redundancy because both phrases give extra information about 'Yersinia pestis'. This choice also uses 'and' and 'it' to connect the independent clause to the appositive. This makes the independent clause a dependent clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. This shows that the dependent clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence and can be removed without changing the main idea.

Choice B is wrong because it changes only part of the punctuation and grammar of the phrase to 'Yersinia pestis: a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents'. This choice removes only the independent clause from the sentence. This changes the meaning and tone of the sentence by omitting important information about 'Yersinia pestis'. This choice also keeps using a colon to separate the appositive from the rest of the sentence. This shows that the appositive is essential to the meaning of the sentence and cannot be removed without changing the main idea. However, this creates confusion because the appositive gives extra information about 'Yersinia pestis'.

Choice C is wrong because it changes only part of the punctuation and grammar of the phrase to 'Yersinia pestis (a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents)'. This choice removes only the independent clause from the sentence. This changes the meaning and tone of the sentence by omitting important information about 'Yersinia pestis'. This choice also uses parentheses to set off the appositive from the rest of the sentence. This shows that the appositive is not essential to the meaning of the sentence and can be removed without changing the main idea. However, this creates inconsistency because parentheses are not used elsewhere in the passage.

5. D. after sentence iv
The question is asking about the order of the sentences in the second paragraph. The paragraph is about how the Black Death transformed how people live. The sentences are:

(i) The cause of plague is Yersinia pestis: a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents and it is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death. (ii) Routine medical inspections became customary, and hospitals were built throughout Europe to treat the sick. (iii) The Black Death eventually swept throughout Europe and wiped out about 200 million people. (iv) As a result, it forced authorities to institute health measures that remain in place today. (v) Fourteenth-century Venice ordered mandated isolation periods, named quaranta giorni — or "quarantine" in English — to signify the 40 days of isolation imposed on incoming ships.

Choice D is correct because it changes the order of the sentences to:

(i) The cause of plague is Yersinia pestis: a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents and it is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death. (iii) The Black Death eventually swept throughout Europe and wiped out about 200 million people. (iv) As a result, it forced authorities to institute health measures that remain in place today. (ii) Routine medical inspections became customary, and hospitals were built throughout Europe to treat the sick. (v) Fourteenth-century Venice ordered mandated isolation periods, named quaranta giorni — or "quarantine" in English — to signify the 40 days of isolation imposed on incoming ships.

This choice makes the paragraph most logical because it follows a clear cause-and-effect structure. Sentence (i) introduces the cause of the Black Death. Sentence (iii) describes the effect of the Black Death on the population. Sentence (iv) explains the result of the effect on the authorities. Sentence (ii) and (v) provide examples of the health measures that were instituted by the authorities. This order shows how one thing leads to another in a logical way.

Choice A is wrong because it keeps the order of the sentences as they are. This choice makes the paragraph illogical because it interrupts the cause-and-effect structure. Sentence (ii) comes before sentence (iii), which creates confusion about what caused the medical inspections and hospitals to be built. Sentence (ii) should come after sentence (iv), which explains that they were a result of the Black Death.

Choice B is wrong because it changes the order of the sentences to:

(ii) Routine medical inspections became customary, and hospitals were built throughout Europe to treat the sick. (i) The cause of plague is Yersinia pestis: a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents and it is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death. (iii) The Black Death eventually swept throughout Europe and wiped out about 200 million people. (iv) As a result, it forced authorities to institute health measures that remain in place today. (v) Fourteenth-century Venice ordered mandated isolation periods, named quaranta giorni — or "quarantine" in English — to signify the 40 days of isolation imposed on incoming ships.

This choice makes the paragraph illogical because it reverses the cause-and-effect structure. Sentence (ii) comes before sentence (i), which creates confusion about what caused the medical inspections and hospitals to be built. Sentence (i) should come before sentence (ii), which explains that they were a result of the Black Death.

Choice C is wrong because it changes the order of the sentences to:

(i) The cause of plague is Yersinia pestis: a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents and it is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death. (iii) The Black Death eventually swept throughout Europe and wiped out about 200 million people. (ii) Routine medical inspections became customary, and hospitals were built throughout Europe to treat the sick. (iv) As a result, it forced authorities to institute health measures that remain in place today. (v) Fourteenth-century Venice ordered mandated isolation periods, named quaranta giorni — or "quarantine" in English — to signify the 40 days of isolation imposed on incoming ships.

This choice makes the paragraph illogical because it disrupts the cause-and-effect structure. Sentence (ii) comes between sentence (iii) and (iv), which creates confusion about what caused the medical inspections and hospitals to be built. Sentence (ii) should come after sentence (iv), which explains that they were a result of the Black Death.

6. C. their
The question is asking about the word 'there' in the last paragraph. The word 'there' is an adverb that shows location or existence. For example, 'he is over there' or 'there is a book on the table'. The word 'there' is used with the verb 'to be' to form the existential construction. For example, 'there are many people here'.

Choice C is correct because it changes the word 'there' to 'their'. This word is a possessive adjective that shows ownership or belonging. For example, 'their house is big' or 'their dog is cute'. The word 'their' is used with a noun to modify it. For example, 'their labor' or 'their land'. This word matches the grammar and the meaning of the text. The text says that wealthy nobles granted the use of their land to peasants in exchange for their labor. This means that the land and the labor belonged to the nobles and the peasants, respectively.

Choice A is wrong because it keeps the word 'there' as it is. This word does not match the grammar or the meaning of the text. The text does not say that wealthy nobles granted the use of a location or an existence to peasants in exchange for a location or an existence. This does not make sense.

Choice B is wrong because it changes the word 'there' to 'they're'. This word is a contraction of 'they are'. A contraction is a shortened form of two words that are joined by an apostrophe ('). The phrase 'they are' means 'those people are'. The phrase 'they are' is used with an adjective or a noun to describe or identify them. For example, 'they are happy' or 'they are students'. This word does not match the grammar or the meaning of the text. The text does not say that wealthy nobles granted the use of those people are to peasants in exchange for those people are. This does not make sense.

Choice D is wrong because it changes the word 'there' to 'this'. This word is a demonstrative adjective that shows which one or which ones. For example, 'this book is mine' or 'this is my friend'. The word 'this' is used with a noun to point it out. For example, 'this labor' or 'this land'. This word does not match the grammar or the meaning of the text. The text does not say that wealthy nobles granted the use of this one or this ones to peasants in exchange for this one or this ones. This does not make sense.

7. A. NO CHANGE
The question is asking about the word 'leverage' in the last paragraph. The word 'leverage' means 'the power or ability to influence someone or something'. For example, 'he used his leverage to get a better deal'. The word 'leverage' is used with the verb 'to have' or 'to use' to show possession or action. For example, 'they have leverage' or 'they use leverage'.

Choice A is correct because it keeps the word 'leverage' as it is. This word matches the meaning and the tone of the text. The text says that the Black Death created a labor shortage that gave peasants the leverage to negotiate new working terms. This means that the peasants had the power or ability to influence their employers because of the lack of workers.

Choice B is wrong because it changes the word 'leverage' to 'alternative'. This word means 'a different or additional choice or option'. For example, 'he chose an alternative route'. The word 'alternative' is used with the verb 'to have' or 'to choose' to show possession or action. For example, 'they have an alternative' or 'they choose an alternative'. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the peasants had a different or additional choice or option to negotiate new working terms, but that they had the power or ability to do so.

Choice C is wrong because it changes the word 'leverage' to 'strength'. This word means 'the quality or state of being physically strong or powerful'. For example, 'he showed his strength by lifting a heavy weight'. The word 'strength' is used with the verb 'to have' or 'to show' to show possession or action. For example, 'they have strength' or 'they show strength'. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the peasants had the quality or state of being physically strong or powerful to negotiate new working terms, but that they had the power or ability to do so.

Choice D is wrong because it changes the word 'leverage' to 'investment'. This word means 'the act of putting money, time, or effort into something with the hope of getting a benefit or profit'. For example, 'he made a good investment by buying a house'. The word 'investment' is used with the verb 'to make' or 'to get' to show action or result. For example, 'they make an investment' or 'they get an investment'. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the peasants put money, time, or effort into something with the hope of getting a benefit or profit from negotiating new working terms, but that they had the power or ability to do so.

The coronavirus has already had a huge and potentially [8] enduring impact on everyday life. Our work and social lives have gone virtual; [9] movie studios, gyms, musicians, and karaoke bars are streaming their content straight into our homes. The outbreak has also revived impassioned debates about the U.S. health-care system, possibly offering [10] a boon for those in favor of universal coverage.

8. A. NO CHANGE
The question is asking about the word 'enduring' in line 1 of the text. The word 'enduring' means 'lasting for a long time or continuing despite difficulties'. For example, 'he has an enduring love for her' or 'she has an enduring reputation as a writer'. The word 'enduring' is used with the verb 'to have' or 'to be' to show possession or state. For example, 'they have enduring impact' or 'they are enduring'.

Choice A is correct because it keeps the word 'enduring' as it is. This word matches the meaning and the tone of the text. The text says that the coronavirus has already had a huge and potentially enduring impact on everyday life. This means that the coronavirus has caused changes that may last for a long time or continue despite difficulties.

Choice B is wrong because it changes the word 'enduring' to 'fleeting'. This word means 'lasting for a very short time or quickly disappearing'. For example, 'he had a fleeting glimpse of her' or 'she had a fleeting fame as a singer'. The word 'fleeting' is used with the verb 'to have' or 'to be' to show possession or state. For example, 'they have fleeting impact' or 'they are fleeting'. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the coronavirus has caused changes that last for a very short time or quickly disappear.

Choice C is wrong because it changes the word 'enduring' to 'sudden'. This word means 'happening or done quickly and unexpectedly'. For example, 'he had a sudden heart attack' or 'she had a sudden success as a writer'. The word 'sudden' is used with the verb 'to have' or 'to be' to show possession or state. For example, 'they have sudden impact' or 'they are sudden'. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text.The text does not say that the coronavirus has caused changes that happen or are done quickly and unexpectedly. Choice D is wrong because it changes the word 'enduring' to 'appalling'. This word means 'causing shock, disgust, or horror'. For example, 'he saw an appalling sight' or 'she heard an appalling noise'. The word 'appalling' is used with the verb 'to see', 'to hear', or 'to be' to show perception or state. For example, 'they see appalling impact' or 'they are appalling'. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the coronavirus has caused changes that cause shock, disgust, or horror.

9. A. NO CHANGE
The question is asking about the phrase 'movie studios, gyms, musicians, and karaoke bars are streaming their content straight into our homes' in the first paragraph. The phrase gives examples of how different types of entertainment have gone virtual due to the coronavirus. The phrase is consistent with the logical flow of the sentence, which is about how the coronavirus has transformed how people live.

Choice A is correct because it keeps the phrase as it is. This phrase matches the meaning and the tone of the text. The text says that our work and social lives have gone virtual, and then gives examples of how different types of entertainment have gone virtual as well. This shows how the coronavirus has changed various aspects of everyday life.

Choice B is wrong because it changes the phrase to 'we have a growing appetite for video technology such as Zoom and Skype'. This phrase does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that we have a growing appetite for video technology, but that we have to use video technology because of the coronavirus. This phrase also does not give examples of how different types of entertainment have gone virtual, but only mentions two types of video technology that are used for work and social purposes.

Choice C is wrong because it changes the phrase to 'video gaming has reached astounding levels, and we now share the experience from safe distance'. This phrase does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that video gaming has reached astounding levels, but that different types of entertainment have gone virtual. This phrase also does not give examples of how different types of entertainment have gone virtual, but only mentions one type of entertainment that is already virtual.

Choice D is wrong because it changes the phrase to 'the fabric of society has disintegrated, and daily living skills have become harder'. This phrase does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the fabric of society has disintegrated, or that daily living skills have become harder, but that different types of entertainment have gone virtual. This phrase also does not give examples of how different types of entertainment have gone virtual, but makes a negative and exaggerated claim about the impact of the coronavirus.

10. C. a boon for
The question is asking about the word 'a hindrance to' in the second paragraph. The word 'a hindrance to' means 'something that makes it difficult or impossible for someone or something to do or achieve something'. For example, 'the bad weather was a hindrance to their plans' or 'the lack of funding was a hindrance to their project'. The word 'a hindrance to' is used with the verb 'to be' or 'to offer' to show state or action. For example, 'they are a hindrance to us' or 'they offer a hindrance to them'.

Choice C is correct because it changes the word 'a hindrance to' to 'a boon for'. This word means 'something that is very helpful or beneficial for someone or something'. For example, 'the good weather was a boon for their plans' or 'the generous donation was a boon for their project'. The word 'a boon for' is used with the verb 'to be' or 'to offer' to show state or action. For example, 'they are a boon for us' or 'they offer a boon for them'. This word matches the meaning and the tone of the text. The text says that the outbreak has revived impassioned debates about the U.S. health-care system, possibly offering a boon for those in favor of universal coverage. This means that the outbreak has made it easier or more likely for those who support universal coverage to achieve their goal.

Choice A is wrong because it keeps the word 'a hindrance to' as it is. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the outbreak has made it difficult or impossible for those who support universal coverage to achieve their goal, but that it has made it easier or more likely.

Choice B is wrong because it changes the word 'a hindrance to' to 'an obstacle to'. This word means 'something that blocks or prevents someone or something from doing or achieving something'. For example, 'the fallen tree was an obstacle to their path' or 'the strict rules were an obstacle to their freedom'. The word 'an obstacle to' is used with the verb 'to be' or 'to offer' to show state or action. For example, 'they are an obstacle to us' or 'they offer an obstacle to them'. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the outbreak has blocked or prevented those who support universal coverage from achieving their goal, but that it has made it easier or more likely.

Choice D is wrong because it changes the word 'a hindrance to' to 'a disadvantage to'. This word means 'something that puts someone or something in a worse position than others'. For example, 'the low score was a disadvantage to their team' or 'the lack of experience was a disadvantage to their candidate'. The word 'a disadvantage to' is used with the verb 'to be' or 'to offer' to show state or action. For example, 'they are a disadvantage to us' or 'they offer a disadvantage to them'. This word does not match the meaning or the tone of the text. The text does not say that the outbreak has put those who support universal coverage in a worse position than others, but that it has made it easier or more likely.

The Spanish Flu and the economic depression that followed led to a wave of nationalism, authoritarianism, and another world war. [11] Therefore, with the onset of COVID-19, countries should be united against a common viral enemy. "We've forgotten a lot of the lessons that we learned after the Spanish Flu and other pandemics," Spinney says. "We may be about to learn them again."

11. A. Consequently, the pandemic should strengthen the tide of globalization and eradicate xenophobia.
The question is asking about what would most logically follow the sentence 'Therefore, with the onset of COVID-19, countries should be united against a common viral enemy' in the second paragraph. The sentence is a conclusion that follows from the previous sentence, which states that the Spanish Flu and the economic depression that followed led to a wave of nationalism, authoritarianism, and another world war. The sentence implies that countries should learn from the past and avoid the negative consequences of nationalism, authoritarianism, and war by cooperating and fighting the pandemic together.

Choice A is correct because it gives a logical and consistent continuation of the sentence. It says 'Consequently, the pandemic should strengthen the tide of globalization and eradicate xenophobia'. This means that as a result of countries being united against a common viral enemy, the pandemic should increase the integration and interdependence of the world and eliminate the fear or hatred of foreigners. This choice matches the meaning and the tone of the text, which suggests that the pandemic is an opportunity for global cooperation and learning.

Choice B is wrong because it gives an illogical and inconsistent continuation of the sentence. It says 'Consequently, the pandemic should reverse the tide of globalization and fuel xenophobia'. This means that as a result of countries being united against a common viral enemy, the pandemic should decrease the integration and interdependence of the world and increase the fear or hatred of foreigners. This choice does not match the meaning or the tone of the text, which suggests that the pandemic is an opportunity for global cooperation and learning.

Choice C is wrong because it gives an illogical and inconsistent continuation of the sentence. It says 'Consequently, humanity will be able to stop the march of globalization to combat this pandemic'. This means that as a result of countries being united against a common viral enemy, humanity will be able to prevent the integration and interdependence of the world to fight the pandemic. This choice does not match the meaning or the tone of the text, which suggests that the pandemic is an opportunity for global cooperation and learning.

Choice D is wrong because it gives an illogical and inconsistent continuation of the sentence. It says 'Consequently, humanity will rely on improving the economic system and change the course of history'. This means that as a result of countries being united against a common viral enemy, humanity will depend on making the economic system better and alter the direction of history. This choice does not match the meaning or the tone of the text, which suggests that the pandemic is an opportunity for global cooperation and learning.

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