[1]

Fans in parkas, gloves, and hats surround the snowy field, cheering as (1) their teams line up. [A] Players lob and fling snowballs at their opponents while trying to avoid getting hit. This is Yukigassen—a competitive snowball fight  that combines elements of dodge ball and capture the flag. (2)

[2]

Every year, thousands of people flock to the small Japanese town of Sobetsu for the Showa-Shinzan International Yukigassen tournament. Fewer (3) than thirty years ago, though, only a little visitors ventured to the mountain side town during its harsh winters. [B] Hoping to generate year-round tourism, community members created a unique winter sport: Yukigassen (“Snow battle”). [C]

[3]

Yukigassen is played on a rectangular field with a wall of (4) snow, called a "shelter” in the center. On both sides of the field (5) stands other shelters - two that are used for cover and a centered back shelter (the “chateau”), where snowballs are stored. Each (6) team’s flag is planted in front of it’s chateau. 

[4]

Yukigassen games have three periods that each last three minutes. To win a period, teams can grab the opponents (7) flag, eliminate every player, on the other team, or have more players in the game when the period ends. The team that (8) prevails in two of three periods win the game.

[5]

Each Yukigassen team has seven players: four forwards and three defensive players. Forwards advance to the center of the (9) field that’s crouching behind shelters and trying to eliminate opponents by hitting them with snowballs. Meanwhile, defensive players supply (10) his or her forwards with ammunition and bombard opponents from forwards with ammunition and bombard opponents from afar. Any player can attempt to snatch the other team’s flag. (11) Defensive players ensure forwards have snowballs to throw. 

(16) In thc eariy 1900s,when Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia, became an (17) interesting location for African American business and culture. Jim Crow laws forced segregation of blacks and whites in (18) Atlanta, resulting in the confinement of African American homes and businesses to a small downtown area in the Old Fourth Ward. Over time, African American businesses congregated in this ward (19) besides approximately one and a half miles of Auburn Avenue. 

The (20) area’s prosperity and autonomy of the area led to the neighborhood being known as "Sweet Auburn.” (21) Three financial companies provided the base for the rise of the black middle class in this area of Atlanta.

Alonzo Herndon, a former slave (22) became a successful barber, founded Atlanta Life Insurance. By (23) its one hundredth anniversary in 2005, the enterprise was worth over 200 million dollars. In 1911, a second black insurance company. Standard Life Insurance, was formed by Hernan Perry. Ten years later, Perry founded the Citizens Trust Bank, which offered loans to African American entrepreneurs. Supported by these institutions, small businesses helped Sweet Auburn emerge as a center of black commerce.

In the 1920s and '30s, more than one hundred black-owned (24) buşinesses, having found their home in the vibrant culture of Sweet Auburn. The avenue (25) flourished the legendary soul food restaurants is Ma (26) Sutton’s, you could eat this food at Hawk’s  Dinette. Entertainment venues such as the Top Hat Club (later the Royal Peacock) hosted famous performers.

The Atlanta Daily World, (27) for instance, the first successful black-owned US daily newspaper, also began on Auburn Avenue.

Sweet Auburn's (28) designation: in 1976 as a National Historic Landmark resulted from the neighborhood’s cultural strengths and business assets as well as its social values. Civic organizations and historic churches, such as Ebcnezer Baptist Church, where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. preached with his (29) father—all contributed—to establishing Auburn Avenue as one of the most important streets in US history.

Meadows of Dan. Peaks of Otter. Fancy Gap. Thunder Ridge. To read about the Blue Ridge Parkway, the (31) most visited “unit,” of the national park system, is to enter the realm of colorful language. But I knew better than to fall for the hype of brochures and Web sites (32) preparing to embark on a 469-mile bike ride the length of the parkway. Well, I would lend an ear to some of the sweet talk: vistas of gently rolling farmland, swinging footbridges, mist rising from the Roanoke River (33) are breathtaking.

I did. in fact, want to find myself face-to-face with a red-eyed vireo and smell a rhododendron in full bloom. Color. History. T\venty-seven tunnels, one named "Frying Pan.” Sign me up! Maybe even a black bear would cross the winding (34) pavement’s road in front of me. But I was not going to expect perfection. 1 was not going to expect the pancakes to be hot at Bluffs Coffee Shop or the (35) entertainment to be under way at the music center.  I would approach this experience with the wisdom I had acquired at places like Zion National Park, (36) a glorious park in southern Utah.

But here's the (37) thing and the cynic in me perished on the Blue Ridge Parkway, on that two-weck ride along the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. The pancakes were hot. The Meadows of Dan were meadowy. Mabry Mill—its waterwheel spinning and its one-hundred-year-old loom (38) looming—deserves the postcard attention (39) they have gotten all these years. (40) Seeing me, too, I saw a bear: And not only were the  rhododendrons blooming, so (41) is the bluets and the foam  flowers. (42) Sometimes everything that should go right (43) did. Sometimes the fragrant thimbleberry is (44) fragrant and the sign on the road really does say, “Next 20 miles, All Downhill!" Okay, the sign part is made-up, but the downhill was real. Southern Utah’s “Subway” remains an elusive mystery. The Blue Ridge Parkway, as seen from my bike anyway, is a 469-mile miracle.

[1]

Laws of conservation—the idea that, within a physical system, certain measurable properties such as energy or momentum can neither be created nor destroyed— (46) are fundamental to physics. When properties are conserved, they never leave the system. Therefore, physicists can study them and predict how even complex systems will (47) behave.

[2]

Laws of (48) symmetry, however, are valuable for the same (49) reason: predictability. If a physical system behaves the same way regardless of how it’s (50) orientated in space, than so it’s symmetric. If, for instance, an experiment yields the same result whether it is conducted in the United States on Tuesday or in India on Thursday, (51) which has symmetry of space and time. (52) 

[3]

The relationship between conservation and symmetry had been overlooked, though, prior to the publication of Amalie Noether’s theorem in 1918. Noether', a German mathematician, found where there is symmetry in nature, there is corresponding conservation. Noether devised a groundbreaking set of equations to apply to symmetrical systems. the same from any direction. [A] A bicycle wheel is radially symmetrical: you can spin it on its axis and it looks the same from any direction. Applying Noether’s theorem reveals that the wheel conserves angular (53) momentum the property that keeps bicycles upright, and moving forward. [B]

[4]

Both conservation (54) laws, and laws of symmetry predict, and explain how systems behave. Thus, knowing that conservation exists where there is symmetry creates a whole new set of information about physical (55) systems. Including, details about the properties within them (56) that ultimately affect how the system works. [C]

[5]

The significance of Noether's theorem has not been lost, but her name has. Dubbed “the greatest mathematician you’ve never heard of,” Noether, (57)  until recently, was not widely recognized for her accomplishments. [D] Her name may not be as familiar as those of Einstein and Newton, but her theorem (58) being regularly used in modern physics.  Finally, in 1928, Noether accepted a teaching (59) position at Moscow State University.

[1]

[1] Austrian (61) architect, Victor Gruen had a vision for US retail stores. [2] Another problem was that the distances between retail stores forced shoppers to drive, not walk. [3] A native of Vienna, (62) there was a downtown filled with pedestrians near the place where Gruen had grown up. [4] He loathed the flashy signs that stretched mile after mile along (he streets in the 1950s. [5] There, whether looking for a gift or some fresh air, people could more readily interact with neighbors and friends. This type of casual, friendly shopping experience was what he sought to bring to America.(63) 

[2]

His chance came in (63) 1952 when he was hired to design a shopping center in Minnesota. Gruen conceived of an 800,000-square-foot structure that had two levels of stores encircling a roofed central area. Arranging the stores to face inward, Gruen created a mostly blank (65) exterior and he created an interior where businesses could advertise. (66) Although the space between stores was indoors, 66 the air temperature could be controlled to ensure that customers wouldn’t be bothered by the elements. There was a cafd, a fountain, an aviary, and even a small zoo. Southdale Center was revolutionary. [A] 

[3]

Reporters from across the country (67) flocked to the 1956 grand opening of Southdale, and 75,000 customers came and (68) saw the many stores and parking spaces. The design dazzled reporters. The convenience delighted shoppers. (69) Businesses found the profits thrilling.  Southdale Center’s layout became (70) so successful that (71) many them soon sprang up in cities all over the United States. [B]

[4]

Gruen, however, grew increasingly dismayed. (72)  He had envisioned Southdale as one part of a larger planned community with houses, apartments, schools, and offices, but his community was never built. [C] The popularity of malls, (73) while minimizing urban sprawl, encouraged it; stores and paved parking areas multiplied in US cities and suburbs. [D] Disheartened, Gruen eventually returned (74) to Vienna later on, only to find—just south of the downtown he remembered so fondly—a mall.