Hawaii's green sea (1) turtle, has been classified as an endangered species for over 25 years. Signs around the Mauna Lani lagoon (2) warn tourists to keep their distance from the humped creatures that look like gray-green boulders along the shoreline. My friends and (3) me, however, ignore the signs, wade into the water, and (4) struggling to flip a 150-pound turtle onto its back in the center of an oversized inner tube. We aren't being intentionally cruel. Nor are we breaking the law. We are spending another sunny Hawaiian Saturday volunteering for a government sponsored sea turtle research project.

We float our latest turtle ashore. Flippers flapping and beak snapping, the turtle resists as we hoist it onto the examination table that we've set up beneath an awning on the beach. It's my turn to (5) enact the exam. As I weigh the turtle and measure its carapace (shell), another volunteer, Kiko, (6) watches as I record the data. Tourists always seem delighted by the opportunity to closely observe a turtle.

 Kiko tells the tourists that this turtle has (7) likely made a remarkable migration from breeding grounds in shoals located over 400 miles away. (8) I open the (9) turtle's mouth so I can document what it has been eating, and I (10) wonder if the turtle is hungry. Kiko laughs and says that one of the first lessons a volunteer learns is that green sea turtles have terrible breath! A supervising marine biologist helps me insert a small microchip-a tag-beneath the skin of one flipper. Tagging helps with monitoring the turtle population and gathering information to help the turtles recover from their endangered status.

After we pull the heavy turtle back to the (11) water. I donned fins, a mask, and a snorkel (12) watching the turtle after it's released. Though (13) shy and quiet on land, these animals are graceful swimmers. Kicking my fins, (14) I follow the turtle as (15) it beats its flippers like wings and soars through the canyon reefs toward the deep water beyond.

[1]

Using just thirty -seven words, the federal law prohibiting sex discrimination against students and employees in school districts and universities changed public education. (16) Enacted in 1972 as part of the Education Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX stipulates that no person shall be excluded from any arenas of public schooling on the basis of sex. The most widely known (17) thing about Title IX has been equal participation in sports. Actually, though, the law requires fair and equal treatment in all educational (18) areas: which are including admissions, scholarships, housing, and academic programs. One of its principal authors was the U.S. congresswoman from Hawaii, Patsy Takemoto Mink. [A] 

[2]

 (19) After completing (20) duel bachelor's degrees in zoology and chemistry at the University of Hawaii in 1948, Mink applied to twenty medical schools. At the time, none of the schools (21) that she applied accepted women. (22) A disappointedly Mink vowed to spend her life opposing discrimination by using the legal system. [B] She enrolled in law school at the University of Chicago and received her degree in 1951. [C]

[3]

[1] After graduation, Mink and her husband moved to Honolulu, where she started her own law firm. [2] Increasingly interested in politics, Mink ran for federal office. [3] Mink used her position in Congress to fight for the rights of immigrants, ethnic minorities, women, and children. [4] In 1965, she became the first Asian American woman to be elected to the U.S. (23) Congress when she won the first of six consecutive elections. [5] For example, in addition to Title IX, Mink (24) introduced: the Early Childhood Education Act and supported the Women's Educational Equity Act. [6] All three were landmark laws because they substantially (25) altered civil rights policies. [26]

[4]

 Mink used her(27)  passionate politics voice to(28) advocate equality for all citizens. [D] After her death in 2002, Title IX was officially renamed the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act.(29)(30)

The theremin, the first electronic musical instrument, (31) invented in 1918 by Russian (32) physicist, Leon Theremin. (33) Its’ eerie, high-pitched sound has been compared to that of stringed instruments-particularly the violin-and even to a wailing human voice. Not in widespread use today, (34) a major film featured the theremin is perhaps best known for its use in sound tracks of 1950s science fiction movies, such as The Day the Earth Stood Still.

The theremin is remarkable because, unlike most traditional musical instruments, it does not have any (35) keys strings, or valves. Instead, it consists of a box with two (36) antennae-one vertical antenna on the top and another antenna, shaped like a loop, on the side. When the theremin is turned on, weak electromagnetic waves are generated around the antennae. Early theremins were built into large wooden cabinets, but many of today's instruments are much lighter and more portable.

Theremin musicians play the instrument by moving their hands, which (37) get tired easily, around the antennae. The resulting change in the frequency of the waves (38) produce a (39) theremins characteristic sound. The musician literally " plays the air" around the instrument without touching any part of the (40) instrument itself. Theremin musicians can produce a higher pitch by moving their hands closer to the vertical antenna and a lower pitch by moving them farther away. They can also raise the volume of the sound by moving their hands away from the loop-shaped antenna and (41) lowering the volume by moving them closer.

Because any disturbance of the electromagnetic field around the instrument causes a change in sound, the theremin musician must stand perfectly still, avoiding any odd or accidental moves while playing. (42) The musician's hand movements must be (43) precise in order to manipulate the sound. (44) In contrast, the theremin is difficult to learn and demanding to (45) play; however, theremin enthusiasts still practice the instrument today and even build their own versions of it.

[1]

Radiocarbon dating, developed by Willard F. Libby in the 1940s, seemed to offer archaeologists a definitive method for determining the age of artifacts. The (46) method for archaeologists to date artifacts was based on the amount of radioactive carbon 14 found in organic matter such as wood, bones, and shells. [A] A living organism absorbs carbon 14 until the moment it dies, at which point the amount of carbon 14 in an organism starts to decay to nitrogen 14. Carbon 14's half-life (47) is 5,730 years. Therefore, as long as even the smallest amount of carbon 14 is (48) present; radiocarbon dating can date an artifact by calculating its ratio of carbon 14 to nitrogen 14. [B]

[2]

However, questions (49) were arisen at the time about the method's accuracy. The data from radiocarbon dating conflicted with long-established theories archaeologists (50) had developed on the basis of Egyptian dynastic records. [C] 

[3]

  (51) Even though Libby won the Nobel Prize in 1960, experts (52) realizing, they needed another method to corroborate Libby's findings. They turned to a much older dating (53) method; dendrochronology, the use of tree rings for mapping intervals of time. [D] Working together, experts in both methods dated thousands of wood samples from bristlecone pines(54),  some of which share habitats with Douglas firs and pinon pines. When plotted on a graph called a calibration curve, these data (55) with calendar dates provided a method for correlating radiocarbon dates

[4]

The radiocarbon dates, now verified as accurate, overturned conventional thinking in (56) archaeology and proved that dating methods based on Egyptian records were inaccurate. (57) Some stone monuments in Europe, for example, were found to be up to 800 years older than the Egyptian and Greek structures that had supposedly inspired them. These findings (58) lead to the (59)establishment of different facts and things about many places, such as Stonehenge and the stone temples of Malta.(60)

 The popular breakfast of bacon and eggs (61)are, historically speaking, a relatively new tradition in most of the United States, and its beginnings reveal much about the art of public relations. In the 1920s, the Beechnut Packing (62) Company, wanting to boost its sales of bacon, hired a (63) repute expert in public relations named Edward Bernays. 

 [1] Bernays considered his uncle's insights into the human psyche and (64) they're unconscious motivations to be (65) high-priced tools in manipulating the public to think and act in certain ways. [2] Bernays was the nephew of Sigmund Freud, "the father of psychoanalysis." [3] In his book Propaganda, Bernays suggested that if one could determine the "mechanisms and motive " of the group mind, it would be possible to exert indirect control over the public. [4] He termed this (66) process, "the engineering of consent."[67]

 Instead of recommending that bacon be advertised directly, (68) Bernays suggested surveying thousands of physicians across the United States.[69] At the time, many people's breakfasts consisted of juice and coffee with either rolls or toast. Bernays asked a single question in the survey: is it healthier to eat a light breakfast or a hearty breakfast? Most doctors chose "a hearty breakfast," which Bernays himself had defined as including bacon and eggs. (70) Then, Bernays simply released the survey (71) findings regarding the breakfasts to hundreds of newspapers and other media sources. [72] Beechnut's bacon market expanded, generating profits for both Beechnut and Bernays.

 Bernays gained fame from his application of psychology to business (73) strategy; after being hired by varied groups and corporations, became known as "the father of public relations." However, unlike Freud, (74) whose work was promoted in the United States by his nephew, Bernays used his understanding of psychology to mask his clients' motives. His indirect approach is why some people today (75) refer to public relations as the unseen power that shapes many of our individual decisions.