Annual Forest Edge Density by Land Use Capability Class, Chorotega Region, Costa Rica

Due to the Chorotega region’s accessibility, various types of forested areas were converted to cattle pasture as rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the 1960s and 1970s. Juan Pablo Arroyo-Mora and colleagues used historical aerial photography and remote sensing data to track fragmentation metrics across different land use capability classes (categories that indicate possible uses of forest land). One such metric, edge density, can be used to indicate the regularity of forest patch sizes, with decreases in edge density suggesting a trend towards uninterrupted forest patches with more regular shapes. The team found a range of edge density levels, from lows of around 80 meters per hectare or less in the 1960s and 1970s for all classes, to a high in 1986 of approximately ______

Deposits of valuable objects, or hoards, have been unearthed in many different parts of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Some of these hoards were discovered before 2000; for example, ______

The US Department of Agriculture’s Fruit and Tree Nuts Outlook is a document that covers a variety of subjects, from the influence of changing climate on agricultural production to the forecast for yields of apple crops. A student studying agricultural economics is consulting a graph in the document that shows the prices for which several types of nuts have been sold by growers in the United States over four growing seasons from 2016 to 2020. The student wishes to determine in which season walnuts reached their lowest price. Consulting the graph, the student finds that this season was the ______

Millions of Metric Tons of Copper Mined in 1995 and 2020

While doing research for a paper about metal exports, a student finds a table indicating how much copper was mined in each of four countries in 1995 and 2020. The student notes that in 1995, Mexico mined ______

Researchers Carolina Laura Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about flowering plants growing alongside each other in various locations. In each case, the researchers identified one plant as a "target species" and a nearby plant as a "neighboring species." The researchers then calculated a value to show how the neighboring species affected pollinator visits to the target species. The table shows that the Himalayan balsam had an effect value of ______