1...11 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

Banking is not a profession dedicated [1] indisputably to entering an endless series of figures in ledgers and processing or analysing balance sheets. Primarily, banking is a profession that deals with people and their problems. [2] Instead, [3] banking is a profession not only for those who have a flair for people but also for those with a flair for figures.

Banking provides a broad spectrum of work to allow [4] a primitive banker to switch careers without changing industries. The employment options in banking are abundant and various. The major areas of work are the servicing of internal customers, domestic customer banking, and special functions such as administration, [5]personality and computers. All of them need employees with sufficient educational background, intelligence, clear thinking, human understanding, and nerve.

[6]A bank manager who is responsible for a branch of business usually begins his career as a loan officer and acquires skills and experience while progressing through several jobs. Bank loan officers make initial contacts with new customers,[7] accepting their loan applications, and assist them on how to fill out loan requests.

[8] (1) An analyst’s duties are to assess each loan applicant's financial position and advise the bank's management on the loan prospects. (2) A loan workout specialist is an experienced and skilled specialist who is supposed to investigate each problem loan, inquire into the causes of bad loans, and find solutions to recovering the bank's funds. (3) A credit analyst and a loan workout specialist are professionals determining the business of lending. (4) Both a credit analyst and a loan workout specialist must have a solid background in accounting, financial statement analysis, law, and economics.

Managers of the accounting and operations division control and direct one of the leading business areas concerned with financial planning through the interpretation and use of financial data for one thing. They are in charge of processing checks and clearing on behalf of their customers. The lowest link of the division, a teller, is a bank employee who accepts deposits, cashes checks, and performs other banking services for the public. [9] Their duties also include sorting and filing deposit receipts and withdrawal

slips. [10]

Auditing and control personnel in a bank's accounting and audit department are well-trained specialists. Their proficiency and expertise are unquestionable. As professional accountants, they have a legal right of access to records and accounts.  Candidates for such senior posts have to acquire a variety of managerial experience, and those who show outstanding potential are likely to reach senior executive level before they are 40. [11]

Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. 

Why People Troll 

“Fail at life. Tough luck for you!” Comments like this one, found in an article about how women perceive themselves, are prevalent today across the internet, whether [12] their on social media or a news website. Such behavior can range from profanity and name- calling [13] or personal attacks, or hate speech. A recent Pew Internet survey [14] found that four out of 10 people online have been harassed online, with far more having witnessed such behavior. Trolling has become so [15]general that several websites have even resorted to completely removing comments.

[16] People who like to troll are likely to show signs of sadism. One reason for this is that the internet has a tendency to make people anonymous which motivates trolls to treat people online as less than human.

      Some studies even showed that trolls have predisposing personal and biological traits, such as sadism and [17] a propensity for seek excessive stimulation. [18] However, one study found that people with no biological predisposition can be influenced to troll under the right circumstances in an online community. By analyzing 16 million comments made on a news website and conducting an online controlled experiment, [19] two key factors. that can lead ordinary people to troll were identified.

Six hundred sixty-seven participants were recruited through an online crowd-sourcing platform and asked to first take a quiz, then read an article and engage in discussion. Every participant saw the same article, but some were given a discussion that had started with comments by trolls, whereas others saw neutral comments instead. Here, trolling was defined using standard community categories—for example, name-calling, profanity, racism, or harassment.

The first factor that seems to influence trolling is a person’s mood. In the experiment, people [20] had been put into negative moods were much more likely to start trolling. It was also discovered that trolling ebbs and flows with the time of day and day of the week, in sync with natural human mood patterns. [21]

Moreover, a negative mood appeared to persist beyond the events that brought about those feelings. Suppose that a person participates in a discussion where other people wrote troll comments. If that person goes on to participate in an unrelated discussion, he or she is more likely to troll in that discussion too.

The second factor is the context of a discussion. If a discussion begins with a troll comment, then it is twice as likely to be trolled by other participants later on, [22] compared to a discussion that does not start with a troll comment. In fact, these troll comments can add up. The more troll comments in a discussion, the more likely that future participants will also troll the discussion.Altogether, these results show how the initial comments in a discussion set a strong, lasting precedent for later trolling.

Questions 23…33 are based on the following passage.

Invasive Species

In order to develop predictive theories, invasion biologists have made several attempts to explain why certain species have been successful in [23] establishing locations. [24] After critically reviewing these theories, scientists found only a few of them to contain any predictive value. They identified three levels of characteristics: species- level characteristics, e.g. body size, reproductive rate, geographic range, and [25] habitat breadth, location-level characteristics, e.g. climate, structure and composition of the native habitat, and latitude; event-level characteristics, e.g. number of individuals released, and date of introduction.

Event-level characteristics are much more important than [26] species and location. By far the most important characteristic appears to be the number of introductions of a species and the number of individuals released. This single factor explains much of the variation in the presence of non-native species.One of the few species-level characteristics that appears to have explanatory power is the climate and habitat [27] breadth of the species. Another relevant characteristic is behavioral flexibility: the ability of the species to adapt to new food resources or ecological conditions. Generalist, widespread species have a better chance of being introduced and [28] become established. [29]

The Netherlands has always had excellent water connections to the European hinterland: mainly the rivers Rhine and Meuse. These rivers create a permanent [30] acceptance of water species, occasionally including non-native species. Another important pathway for non-native species is aquaculture. Lots of water plants and animals are imported for use in Dutch aquaria and ponds. In addition, fish species are introduced for angling.

The number of non-native freshwater species [31] have increased strongly over the past decades. Many macroinvertebrates, fish and water plants have been introduced by human activity, mainly the trade of plants and fish for use in ponds, the release of fish species for angling purposes, the construction of the Main-Donau canal, and the discharge of ballast water.

After the opening of the Rhine-Main Danube waterway, the southern corridor became the principal corridor for the spread of non-native macroinvertebrates to the River Rhine.

Up to now, the dispersal of only a few non-native species was related to the Southwestern and Mediterranean corridors. Another important pathway for macroinvertebrates is the import from North America.

Some non-native species of fish have been present in the Netherlands for a long time. [33] Macroinvertebrates and water plants are much less than non-native fish species which make up 30%. After 1990, again a fair amount of non-native fish species was introduced, mainly as a result of trade in pond fish.

As for water plants, the main pathway (75% of which are non-native species) is escape from gardens, ponds or aquaria. Although most non- native water plants do not cause any problems, some species proliferate.

Questions 34-44 pertain to the following passage.

Can Artificial Intelligence Make Art without Artists?

The question of whether machines can make art provokes very different answers from pioneers in the field. Harold Cohen refuses to ascribe creativity to his art-making robot [34] AARON, while Leonel Moura argues that since his “Artbots” generate pictures from emergent properties that could not have been predicted by their creator, “they have at least some degree of creativity.” Although the question of whether machines can be artists seems to fall squarely on our definition of the latter, a solution to this philosophical [35] tenet may ironically lie in redirecting the question away from the artist and toward the viewer.

[36] For 50 years, Harold Cohen collaborated with a computer program he dubbed AARON. Gradually, he refined its code to produce drawings. Later, he created paintings which grabbed his interest and that of a large public.

      Over the years, Cohen also redefined [37] its own role, which shifted from a programmer, who sets rules for AARON, to follow to a co-producer, who serves as colorist for AARON’s designs. Along with his own experience as an artist, five decades of working with a computational machine to produce art made Cohen especially qualified [38] to judge, whether an artificial intelligence can be considered an artist in its own right. Despite admitting the critical role AARON has played in his life as an artist, Cohen seemed [39] reluctant to grant his robotic partner the status of an artist to the extent that he disqualifies a number of [40] procedure aspect of artistry that can be modeled in computer code. Instead of talking about AARON as an individual artist, Cohen speaks about this collaboration in terms that highlight the personal nature of this human-machine relationship; Cohen characterizes the artistic potential of machines not in their intrinsic artistry but in their special collaborations with humans, as in his own relationship with AARON. [41] He considers the attempt to model human creativity on a computer a vain effort and throws a wet blanket on the possibility of machine made art.

Artist Leonel Moura, by comparison, is a newer recruit to the machine-human boundary. Moura began experimenting with artificial intelligence and robotic art  in the  late  1990s,  and  since  the 2000s [42]produced mobile robots that make drawings based on color density. These robots’ dynamic is collective rather than individual. Moura releases a [43]collection of them onto a plastic canvas, each armed with ink of a different color and a color sensor that helps its on-board software decide when to mark the PVC surface. The result is a multicolored drawing emerging from hundreds of such individual [44] strokes for Moura. Whether his art is made with or without machines is unimportant,  so  long  as  it  is  accepted  by  the art

world’s gatekeepers.