Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

The black death, the Spanish flu, and other disease outbreaks have transformed how people live. Will COVID- 19 change the world? It will do so, if it is similar to the pandemics of the past. Plagues and viral contagions have regularly [1] improved the course of human civilization. "Things are never the same after a pandemic as they were before," said Dr. Liam Fox, [2] who's studied these outbreaks for a forthcoming book. "The current outbreak will be no exception."

The earliest pandemic [3] has occurred during the Peloponnesian War in 430 B.C. Now believed to have been a form of typhoid fever that particular plague passed through Libya, Ethiopia, and Egypt before striking the city of Athens. (i)The cause of plague is [4] Yersinia pestis: a bacterium spread by fleas on rodents and it is the same culprit behind one of the worst pandemics in human history: the Black Death. [5] (ii) Routine medical inspections became customary, and hospitals were built throughout Europe to treat the sick. (iii)The Black Death eventually swept throughout Europe and wiped out about 200 million people. (iv) As a result, it forced authorities to institute health measures that remain in place today. (v) Fourteenth-century Venice ordered mandated isolation periods, named quaranta giorni — or "quarantine" in English — to signify the 40 days of isolation imposed on incoming ships.

The Black Death's biggest socioeconomic legacy was its role in ending feudalism. Feudalism was a medieval system that empowered wealthy nobles to grant the use of their land to peasants in exchange for [6] there labor. By wiping out a huge swath of the working population, the Black Death created a labor shortage that gave peasants the [7] leverage to negotiate new working terms effectively bringing about the end of serfdom and paving the way for modern capitalism.

The coronavirus has already had a huge and potentially [8] enduring impact on everyday life. Our work and social lives have gone virtual; [9] movie studios, gyms, musicians, and karaoke bars are streaming their content straight into our homes. The outbreak has also revived impassioned debates about the U.S. health-care system, possibly offering [10] a hindrance to those in favor of universal coverage.

The Spanish Flu and the economic depression that followed led to a wave of nationalism, authoritarianism, and another world war. [11] Therefore, with the onset of COVID-19, countries should be united against a common viral enemy. "We've forgotten a lot of the lessons that we learned after the Spanish Flu and other pandemics," Spinney says. "We may be about to learn them again."

Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage.

Will You Lose Your Job to a Robot?

Automation has become a threat to society, and rapid technological advances are enabling machines to perform a growing number of tasks traditionally done by humans. Law firms now use artificial intelligence (AI) [23] to conduct contract analysis, hunt down client conflicts, and even craft litigation strategies. McDonald's is replacing drive-thru workers with order-taking AI, and cashiers with self-checkout kiosks. From 1990 to 2007, [24] robots replaced about 670,000 U.S. jobs, mostly in manufacturing; every robot introduced into a local economy claimed 6.2 jobs. That trend will accelerate over the next decade, as advances in mobile technology, AI, data transfer, and computing speed [25] allows robots to act with greater independence. Oxford University researchers [26] concluded and established the result in a major 2013 study that 47 percent of American jobs are at "high risk" of automation within two decades.

Jobs that are mostly at risk are those involving repetitive physical tasks in predictable environments. [27] The Palm Beach County Court recently began using four robots — Wally Bishop, Rosie Tobor, Kitt Robbie, and Speedy — to read court filings, fill out docket sheets, and input data into its case management system. In theory, at least 91 percent of a short-order cook's tasks can be automated using existing technology. It's 100 percent for a dredge operator, plasterer, stucco mason, motion picture projectionist, and logging equipment operator. [28] Similarly, jobs that involve managing people, social interaction, and creative thinking, will see less automation. But even the jobs you'd think are safe aren't. The Guardian Australia newspaper published its first article this year written entirely by a computer. The Indian e-commerce site Myntra recently created one of its best- selling T-shirts by delegating the design [29] for two algorithms that analysed previous designs and invented new ones.

Despite the number of people losing their jobs to automation, many prophesy that artificial intelligence is still years away from sending all of humanity on a permanent vacation. [30] History has shown that previous fateful warnings about technology wiping out the need for human labor [31] have proved untrue — although there is often a difficult transition period to new jobs requiring new skills.

In the 19th century, farmers rendered [32] out of fashion by mechanized agriculture found their way to new, better- paying jobs in factories.  When industrial automation in the 20th century threatened factory workers, [33] this created an ever-growing pool of unemployable humans who could not compete economically with machines. If history is any guide, According to 2013 study," we could also expect that 8 to 9 percent of 2030 labor demand will be in new types of occupations that have not existed before."

Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage.

Private Investigators in Fiction and Fact 

After I graduated from college and was looking for a job, a newspaper employment ad caught my eye. It sounded interesting, so I sent in a résumé. I later discovered that the job was for a store detective. [34] Duties including watching for shoplifters and tracking the legally or ethically questionable actions of store employees.

The interview was my first hint that real-life private investigators were not like the characters one encountered in movies or mystery novels such as [35] Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe or Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade whose tough exteriors belie their soft-hearted natures. [36] Not only do they track down criminals, but they also solve crimes in the most dangerous of circumstances.  These heroic figures adhere to an incorruptible code of personal morality that enables them to [37] succumb to the most formidable obstacles as they apprehend criminals and restore order to society. That is one vision of detective work. Another image comes out of a more playful tradition of mystery writing that includes characters such as [38] Sherlock Holmes the fictional genius who solves complex crimes— sometimes without leaving his comfortable armchair. Holmes approaches crime as if it was a crossword puzzle missing a few essential letters that, once supplied, [39] make the motive for a crime and the identity of its perpetrator clear to all concerned. Using his wits and courage, he invariably [40] searches for the needed evidence and quickly solves the crime. [41] [1] In fact, all this is a far cry from the world of real-life detectives. [2] Modern private investigators sometimes do monitor potential shoplifters, but more often are involved in actual investigations. [3] Typical assignments might include [42] to do background checks on people or tracking down missing persons.  [4] The work of real-life detectives differs from the way their work is portrayed in books and movies. [5] The modern-day private investigator, however, spends less time on his or her feet and considerably more time on the computer. [43] Because the work is routine, the end result of such inquiries might lead to the reuniting of siblings separated since childhood or to the criminal investigation of a company's business practices.

Even at its most exciting, the work of modern-day private investigators is rarely glamorous. It is much more likely to involve the careful analysis of data than a high-speed car chase. Today's private detectives typically [44] perform tasks that are a romantic’s dream, full of action and excitement. But for those who like to solve puzzles, for those who like to find what's missing or figure out what someone may be up to, real private investigation still appeals to the detective in all of us.

Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

Land Use

Agriculture is the oldest use of land for growing crops and rearing animals. Half of the world’s habitable land is used for agriculture. Extensive land use has a major impact on the earth’s environment [12] when it reduces wilderness and threatens biodiversity. Reducing the consumption of resource-intensive products and increasing the productivity of land makes it possible to produce food with much smaller inputs [13], and reducing the impact on the environment.

Half of the world’s habitable land [14] is used for agriculture. For much of human history, most of the world’s land was wilderness: forests, grasslands and shrubbery [15] dominated it’s landscapes. Over the last few centuries, this has changed dramatically.

If we [16] are to break down global land area, we would realize that [17] 10% of the world is covered by glaciers, and a further 19% is barren land – deserts, dry salt flats, beaches, sand dunes, and exposed rocks. This leaves what we call ‘habitable land’. Half of all habitable land is used for agriculture. The remainder is only 37% forests; 11% as shrubs and grasslands; 1% as freshwater coverage; and the remaining 1% – a much smaller share than many suspect – is built-up urban area.

There is also a [18] highly and unequal distribution of land use between livestock and crops for human consumption. If we combine pastures used for grazing with land used to grow crops for animal feed, livestock accounts for 77% of global farming land. [19] While livestock takes up most of the world’s agricultural land it only produces 18% of the world’s calories and 37% of total protein.

There are two main uses of agricultural land: arable farming (which is land dedicated to growing crops), and pastureland (which includes meadows and pastures used for livestock rearing). In many countries, land use for livestock grazing is dominant relative to arable farming. For most countries, land dedicated to cropland is typically below 20 percent, with many countries dedicating less than 10 percent. [20] Besides, countries in South Asia and Europe allocate a large share of land area to arable farming. India, Bangladesh, Ukraine and Denmark dedicated more than half of their total land area to cropland in 2015.  For most countries, the majority of agricultural land is used as pastureland for [21] nurturing livestock. In contrast to arable farming, land use for livestock in Europe and South Asia, in particular, is typically less than 20 percent. However, most continental regions have countries where pastureland reaches close to half of total land area. In some countries, this can reach up to 70 percent. [22] Livestock farming can take place across a range of diverse climatic and environmental regions.