[1] Computer programs rely on many different pieces of software in order to function properly. Examples of computer programs include games and word processors. However, rapid technological advancements render hardware (physical computing devices) and operating (2) systems, software needed to run programs) out-of-date, which makes it difficult for individuals to access old computer programs and associated data files. According to Mahadev Satyanarayanan of Carnegie Mellon University and Vasanth Bala of the IBM Corporation, (3) data from computer programs remain available only as long as the "software applications that process those [data) formats are also preserved."

Satyanarayanan and Bala recognized that many individuals may not have access to older computer programs and (4) they're required software, so they developed OLIVE (Open Library of Images for Virtualized Execution), an executable content archive. OLIVE has two main purposes: First, it contains software that enables a modern computer to simulate all of the software of an older computer. Users stream this software over the Internet to their newer electronic devices, (5) and which allows them to access obsolete computer programs in order to retrieve associated data files. Second, OLIVE functions as a free digital archive of outdated computer programs that individuals can use for education and research (6) purposes.

OLIVE's collection (7) includes sophisticated search tools that allow users to navigate the archive with ease. One example is the Great American History Machine, an interactive map containing US census and election data from 1840 to 1990. This program was created by history professor David Miller in the late (8) 1980s, to help college students engage critically with US history. Owing to a lack of funding, Miller's program was never updated for modern computer systems, but it may still be a useful teaching resource. Another program that can be found in OLIVE is NCSA Mosaic, one of the earliest web browsers. NCSA Mosaic provides a means of viewing some of the oldest websites in their original format, which may prove invaluable to historians of the Internet.

(9) OLIVE's collection extends beyond the domain of educators and researchers, however. When programmers remake a classic video game or NASA scientists need their computers on Earth to be compatible with those used on a spacecraft on a decade-long mission, (10) he or she may rely on OLIVE to fulfill their needs. As digital technologies continue to improve, (11) preserving digital information is likely to become an urgent public policy matter.

In 2008 Owisokon (12) Lahache-an art teacher at a school for Mohawk students in Kahnawake, Quebec, started looking for a way to teach her pupils about both digital media art and their Mohawk heritage.  (13) Lahache partnered with a company founded by Mohawk multimedia artist Skawennati Fragnito to develop a workshop to use in the 2008-2009 school year. By the end of the year. Lahache's students had designed their very own Mohawk-themed video game.

The workshop guided the students through several phases of game development. The first (14) was the storytelling phase. During this first phase students learned different storytelling techniques, listened to stories presented by elders, (15) also sharing stories they knew. From this phase emerged the narrative the students would soon bring to (16) life, an Iroquois hunter journeys back to his village and defends it against characters from traditional Mohawk legends.  (17)  For this phase the students had plenty of legends to draw from. Students outlined the game using sketches and clay maps; then, after a series of lessons on video game production (18) (in which they studied topics such as programming and 3-D animation) the students began to implement their plan. The end result was the game Otsi!  Rise of the Kanien'kehaka Legends.

When the game starts a foreboding voice introduces the player's (19) guest: "Brave hunter, you have fought many creatures ... so you can save your village and all the people you love from the horrible monster that destroyed mine." During the game, the player takes the vantage point of the hunter, seeing only arms holding a bow and arrow. The hunter travels through countryside landscapes and sometimes swims underwater, to fend off an attack on his village by the Flying Head, an ominous-looking monster with white eyes and ragged teeth. Along the way, the hunter encounters other legendary characters such as the Hoof Lady and the Tree People, and (20) hear their stories. The hunter must then use the information he has learned to defeat the Flying Head.

The game was a success. Otsi! Rise of the Kanien'kehaka Legends won the 2010 imagine NATIVE Best New Media Award. While video games featuring indigenous people have largely been designed without the input of the people (21) themselves. Lahache's workshop is part of a developing trend: indigenous people are using the medium to tell their own stories. As Fragnito explains. 'We wanted to see more native people being not just the consumers of, but the producers of the [cyber] space."  (22) Fragnito and Lahache hope to continue to empower indigenous youths to take a more active role in producing new technologies.

From 2010 to 2016 the amount of electrical power produced by wind in the United States more than doubled. As the market for wind power has (23) inflated, so has the need for experts who can design and build safe and efficient wind farms. (24)Nevertheless, engineers are needed to work on the next generation of wind turbines-the large windmill-type devices that generate electrical power from wind. Improvements in these devices have resulted in enormous increases in the amount of power a wind turbine can generate but further advances are needed.

One way to increase the output of wind farms is to create new turbines that have longer rotor blades than previous models had. Data from the European Wind Energy Association show a (25) consistent trend in this direction since the 1980s. The trend is that turbine rotor diameters increase every few years. In the period between 2010 and 2015, the rotor diameter of new turbines reached (26) 80 meters several times (27) that of turbines in the 1980s. As rotor blades have gotten longer power generation has gone up dramatically: a modern turbine can generate up to 5,000 kilowatts of wind power, compared with about (28) 75 kilowatts for one from the 1980s. In the future, oversized wind turbines are projected to generate even more power.

 [1] One engineer who designs the powerful wind turbines of tomorrow is Eric Loth. [2] Although many such engineers work in (29) industry, Loth, whose graduate studies in engineering  focused on rotors — is employed by the University of Virginia, where he directs the Fluids Research and Innovation Laboratory. [3] Loth leads a multi-institution group that is developing an innovative type of turbine blade. [4] The group's concept features hinged, foldable blades modeled on the flexible branches of palm trees, a design that will ensure that (30) branches will not break even when exposed to extremely strong wind gusts. [5] After they have created computerized models and simulations of the turbine and decided how and from which materials to construct the blade segments, the engineers will build a prototype and test it in a Colorado laboratory. [6) "We're working on the future: extreme-scale wind turbines," Loth says. (31)

Environmentally friendly wind power (32) has become competitive with traditional energy sources such as coal and oil, but it is still comparatively more expensive to (33) generate, larger wind turbines can help close that gap. As a result, the efforts of Loth and others who design and build these turbines are crucial in ensuring the continued growth of the wind power market.

For decades, elephants were classified into two species, African and Asian, and some organizations that work to protect threatened animals still assign all elephants to one of these two groups.   (34) Also, several studies conducted since 2001, including one from 2016, (35) is providing evidence that two unique African elephant populations are in fact two distinct species: the savanna elephant and the forest elephant. Conservation organizations should accept the scientific evidence and recognize the differences between the two African elephant species. Doing so will improve the (36) elephant's chances of survival.

The evidence for two distinct African elephant species is persuasive. In a 2010 study, a group of scientists led by Nadin Rohland and David Reich obtained (37) elephant DNA samples .They got these samples from an Asian elephant, an African savanna elephant, and an African forest elephant. When Rohland and Reich compared the genome of the savanna elephant to the genome of the forest (38) elephant. They found almost as many differences between these African elephants as they had between the savanna elephant and the Asian elephant. Since African and Asian elephants had long been considered different species, the researchers (39) had concluded that the savanna and forest elephants should be as well.

Those who are still unconvinced should look to a 2016 study of the long-extinct straight-tusked elephant species. Paleontologists had assumed that the straight-tusked elephant was an ancestor of the Asian elephant because the elephants ' skulls are shaped similarly. But DNA extracted from straight-tusked elephant fossils (40) revealed a different evolutionary history_; their DNA sequences were more similar to those of the African forest (41) elephant than to those of: the Asian elephant, or the savanna elephant. This finding supports the division of the African elephants into separate species; (42) furthermore it suggests that the African forest elephant might even belong to a different genus from that of the African savanna elephant. Slow to recognize these overwhelming indications, conservation groups (43) still receive billions of dollars in donations each year. If considered separate species, savanna and forest elephants would have population sizes (44) low enough in quantity to allow the animals’ conservation status to be changed from "vulnerable" to "endangered." Organizations would also have the ability to address species-specific conservation issues. For example, the forest elephant is facing greater threats to its habitat than the savanna elephant is, threats that need to be tackled through specific management decisions. Conservation groups should acknowledge the findings of the scientific community and take appropriate action before many more of these animals disappear.